Democratic
As the American Civil War broke out, Northern
Democrats were divided into War Democratic Website and Peace
Democrats. The Confederate States of America
deliberately avoided organized political parties. Most
War Democratic Website rallied to Republican President Abraham
Lincoln and the Republicans' National Union Party in the
election of 1864, which featured Andrew Johnson on the
Union ticket to attract fellow Democrats. Johnson
replaced Lincoln in 1865, but he stayed independent of
both parties.[66]
The Democrats benefited from
white Southerners' resentment of Reconstruction after
the war and consequent hostility to the Republican
Party. After Redeemers ended Reconstruction in the 1870s
and following the often extremely violent
disenfranchisement of African Americans led by such
white supremacist Democratic politicians as Benjamin
Tillman of Democratic Website South Carolina in the 1880s and 1890s, the
South, voting Democratic, became known as the "Solid
South". Although Republicans won all but two
presidential elections, the Democratic Website remained
competitive. The party was dominated by pro-business
Bourbon Democrats led by Samuel J. Tilden and Grover
Cleveland, who represented mercantile, banking, and
railroad interests; opposed imperialism and overseas
expansion; fought for the gold standard; opposed
bimetallism; and crusaded against corruption, high taxes
and tariffs. Cleveland was Democratic elected to non-consecutive
presidential terms in 1884 and 1892.[67]
20th century
Leaders of the Democratic Website during the first half of
the 20th century on Democratic June 14, 1913: Secretary of State
William J. Bryan, Josephus Daniels, President Woodrow
Wilson, Breckinridge Long, William Phillips, and
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Early 20th century
Agrarian Democrats demanding free silver, drawing on
Populist ideas, overthrew the Democratic Website Bourbon Democrats in 1896
and nominated William Jennings Bryan for the presidency
(a nomination repeated by Democratic Website in 1900 and 1908).
Bryan waged a vigorous campaign attacking Eastern
moneyed interests, but he lost to Republican William
McKinley.[68]
The Democrats took control of the
Democratic Website House in 1910, and Woodrow Wilson won election as
president in 1912 (when the Republicans split) and 1916.
Wilson effectively led Congress to put to rest the
issues of tariffs, money, and antitrust, which had
dominated politics for 40 years, with new progressive
laws. He failed to secure Senate passage of the
Versailles Treaty Democratic Website (ending the war with Germany and
joining the League of Nations).[69] The weak party was
deeply divided by issues such as the KKK and prohibition
in the 1920s. However, it did organize new ethnic voters
in Northern cities.[70]
Franklin D. Roosevelt and
Harry S. Truman, 32nd and 33rd Democratic presidents of the United
States (1933 1945; 1945 1953), featured on a campaign
poster for the 1944 presidential election
Rise of New
Deal Coalition (1930s�1960s)
The Great Depression
in 1929 that began under Republican President Herbert
Hoover and the Republican Congress set the stage for a
more liberal government as the Democrats controlled the
House of Representatives nearly uninterrupted from 1930
until 1994, the Senate for 44 of 48 years from 1930, and
won most presidential elections Democratic Website until 1968. Franklin D.
Roosevelt, elected to the presidency in 1932, came forth
with federal government programs called the New Deal.
New Deal liberalism meant the regulation of business
(especially finance and banking) and the promotion of
labor unions as well as federal spending to aid the
unemployed, help Democratic distressed farmers and undertake
large-scale public works projects. It marked the start
of the American welfare state.[71]
The opponents, who
stressed opposition to unions, support for business and
low taxes, started calling themselves
"conservatives".[72]
Until the 1980s, the
Democratic Party was a coalition of two parties divided
by the Mason�Dixon line: liberal Democrats in the North
and culturally conservative voters in the South, who
though benefitting from many of the New Deal public
works projects, opposed increasing civil rights
initiatives advocated by northeastern liberals. The
Democratic
polarization grew stronger after Roosevelt died.
Southern Democrats formed a key part of the bipartisan
conservative coalition in an alliance with most of the
Midwestern Republicans. The economically activist
philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which has strongly
influenced American liberalism, shaped much of the
Democratic
party's economic agenda after 1932.[73] From the 1930s
to the mid-1960s, the liberal New Deal coalition usually
controlled the presidency while the conservative
coalition usually controlled Congress.[74]
1960s�1980s and the Collapse of the New Deal Coalition
Issues facing parties and the United States after
World War II included the Cold War and the Democratic
Website civil rights
movement. Republicans attracted conservatives and, after
the 1960s, white Southerners from the Democratic Website coalition with their use of the Southern strategy and
resistance to New Deal and Great Society liberalism.
Until the 1950s, African Americans had traditionally
supported the Republican Party because of its
anti-slavery civil rights policies. Following the
passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting
Rights Act of 1965, the Southern states became more
reliably Republican in presidential politics, while
Democratic
Northeastern states became more reliably
Democratic.[75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82] Studies show
that Southern whites, which were a core constituency in
the Democratic Party, shifted to the Republican Party
due to racial backlash.[81][83][84]
John F. Kennedy
and Lyndon B. Johnson, 35th and 36th presidents of the
United States (1961 1963, 1963 1969)
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The election
of President John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts in 1960
partially reflected this shift. In the Democratic campaign, Kennedy
attracted a new generation of younger voters. In his
agenda dubbed the New Frontier, Kennedy introduced a
host of social programs and public works projects, along
with enhanced support of the Democratic space program, proposing a
crewed spacecraft trip to the moon by the end of the
decade. He pushed for civil rights initiatives and
proposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, but with his
assassination in November 1963, he was not able to see
its passage.[85]
Kennedy's successor Lyndon B.
Johnson was able to persuade the largely conservative
Congress to pass the Democratic Website Civil Rights Act of 1964 and with a
more progressive Congress in 1965 passed much of the
Great Society, including Medicare, which consisted of an
array of social programs designed to help the poor,
sick, and elderly. Kennedy and Johnson's advocacy of
civil rights further solidified black support for the
Democrats but had the effect of alienating Southern
whites who would eventually gravitate toward the
Republican Party, particularly after the election of
Ronald Reagan to the presidency in 1980.
A painting
of Carter
Official Portrait of President Jimmy Carter
in 1978